Fikrul

This advice to our brothers especially young Muslims


This advice to our brothers especially young Muslims

We offer this advice to our brothers especially young Muslims and youth. Hopefully this advice can open the eyes of their hearts so that they know more about who he really is, what obligations should they make as a Muslim, so that they feel that this youth is not appropriate to be filled with things that can neglect them from remembering Allah Subhanahu wata'ala as its creator, so that they will not be constantly wandering into the mortal life of the world and forget the eternal eternal world.

O youth Muslims, do not you want a happy life forever? Do not you want the jannah (heaven) of Allah subhanahu wata'ala as wide as the heavens and the earth?

Know, jannah Allah subhanahu wata'ala was achieved with a serious effort in charity. The Jannah is reserved for the pious people whom they know that life in this world is only temporary, they feel that the glitter of this world life will deceive the human race and drag them to the miserable life in the Hereafter forever. Allah subhanahu wata'ala said:

وَمَا الْحَيَاةُ الدُّنْيَا إِلَّا مَتَاعُ الْغُرُورِ


 "The life of the world is nothing but deceitful pleasure." (Ali 'Imran: 185)

 For What We Live in the World?


 O youth, know, surely Allah Subhanahu wata'ala has created us not without purpose. Nor does it give us a chance to have fun, but to achieve a noble cause. Allah subhanahu wata'ala said:

وَمَا خَلَقْتُ الْجِنَّ وَالْإِنْسَ إِلَّا لِيَعْبُدُونِ


 "And I created not the jinn and men but that they should minister unto Me." (Adz Dzariyat: 56)

Worshiping Allah Subhanahu Wata'ala by keeping His commandments and avoiding all His prohibitions. That is the main task that every servant of God has to undertake.

In worship, we are required to sincerely in running it. That is by praying merely hoping for the pleasure and reward of Allah subhanahu wata'ala. Do not worship out of necessity, or because of the pride of those around us. Moreover, worship in order to say that we are the people who are pious, we are the people of shalih or other forms of praise and praise.

Your Age Will Never Long Again


O youths, do not ever cross your mind: worship later when you are old, or while still young, use for spree. Know, it's all satanic seduction that invites us to be their friend in An Nar (hell).

Do you know when you will be called by Allah Subhanahu Wata'ala, how long will you live in this world? The answer is as Allah says Subhanahu wata'ala:


وَمَا تَدْرِي نَفْسٌ مَاذَا تَكْسِبُ غَدًا وَمَا تَدْرِي نَفْسٌ بِأَيِّ أَرْضٍ تَمُوتُ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ خَبِيرٌ


"And no one can know what he will do tomorrow. And no one can know on which earth he will die. Allah is the Knower, the Knower. "(Luqman: 34)

O youths, piety you to Allah Subhanahu Wata'ala. Maybe today you are in the midst of people who are laughing, partying, and happy to welcome the new year with various forms of vice to Allah subhanahu wata'ala, but the next day you are already in the midst of the people who was crying watching your bodies inserted into a cramped and stifling burrow.

How woe and loss we, if we have not had time to do good deeds. In fact, at that time our own deeds alone will be our companion when facing Allah Subhanahu Wata'ala. The Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam said:


يَتْبَعُ الْمَيِّتَ ثَلاَثَةٌ: أَهْلُهُ وَمَالُهُ وَعَمَلُهُ, فَيَرْجِعُ اثْنَانِ وَيَبْقَى وَاحِدٌ, يَرْجِعُ أَهْلُهُ وَمَالُهُ وَيَبْقَى عَمَلُهُ.


"The accompanying bodies are three: his family, his property, and his deeds. Two of the three things will come back and stay only one (that follows), his family and property will come back, and live his deeds (which will accompany him). "(Muttafaqun 'Alaihi)

O youths, fear ye for the adhan of Allah subhanahu wata'ala. Are you ready with the charity scales that you will definitely face later. Is it enough that the charity you have done so far to increase the weight of goodness charity scales.

How miserable we are, when it turns out the weight of our good scales lighter than the scales of ugliness. Remember the word of Allah Subhanahu wata'ala:

فَأَمَّا مَنْ ثَقُلَتْ مَوَازِينُهُ فَهُوَ فِي عِيشَةٍ رَاضِيَةٍ وَأَمَّا مَنْ خَفَّتْ مَوَازِينُهُ فَأُمُّهُ هَاوِيَةٌ وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا هِيَهْ نَارٌ حَامِيَةٌ


"And as for those who weigh his weights, he is in a fulfilling life. And as for those who lightly weigh (the good), then the place of return is Hawiyah hell. Do you know what Hawiyah hell is? (That is) a very hot fire. "(Al Qari'ah: 6-11)

Be Immediate in Charity


O youths, hasten to do good deeds, establish solemn prayer sincerely, sincerely and according to the guidance of the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam. Because the prayer is the first time will be dihisab later on the Day of Resurrection, as sabdanya:

إِنَّ أَوَّلَ مَا يُحَاسَبُ النَّاسُ بِهِ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ مِنْ أَعْمَالِهِمْ الصَّلاَةُ


"Truly the first thing a man should do with him on the Day of Resurrection is prayer." (Narrated by Tirmidhi, An Nasa `i, Abu Dawud, Ibn Majah and Ahmad Lafazh hadith narrated Abu Dawud no.733)

For men, should be in congregation in the mosque. Lots of dhikr and remember Allah subhanahu wata'ala. Read the Qur'an, for surely it will give intercession to its reader on the Day of Judgment.

Many repent to Allah subhanahu wata'ala. How many sins and disobedience you have done so far. Hopefully with repentance, Allah subhanahu wata'ala will forgive your sins and reward with which you will gain the happiness of the world and the hereafter.

 O youth, do good deeds, suraahu wata'ala sure will give you a happy life, world and hereafter. Allah subhanahu wata'ala said:

مَنْ عَمِلَ صَالِحًا مِنْ ذَكَرٍ أَوْ أُنْثَى وَهُوَ مُؤْمِنٌ فَلَنُحْيِيَنَّهُ حَيَاةً طَيِّبَةً وَلَنَجْزِيَنَّهُمْ أَجْرَهُمْ بِأَحْسَنِ مَا كَانُوا يَعْمَلُونَ


 "Whoever does good deeds, both men and women in a state of faith, then surely We will give him a good life." (An Nahl: 97)

You Spend For What Your Youth?


This question will be asked to every servant of Allah subhanahu wata'ala on the Day of Judgment. As reported by the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam in one of his hadith:

 لاَ تَزُوْلُ قَدَمُ ابْنِ آدَمَ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ مِنْ عِنْدِ رَبِّهِ حَتَّى يُسْأَلَ عَنْ خَمْسٍ : عَنْ عُمْرِهِ فِيْمَا أَفْنَاهُ وَعَنْ شَبَابِهِ فِيْمَا أَبْلاَهُ وَمَالِهِ مِنْ أَيْنَ اكْتَسَبَهُ وَفِيْمَا أَنْفَقَهُ وَمَاذَا عَمِلَ فِيْمَا عَلِمَ.
 


 "Will not shift the feet of the son of Adam on the Day of Resurrection before his Lord until he is asked about five things: his age for what is spent, his youth for what is spent, his wealth from which he gets and is spent for what the treasure is, the knowledge he already knows. "(Narrated At Tirmidhi 2340)

Now try to self-correct yourself, have you filled your youth for useful things that bring the pleasure of Allah subhanahu wata'ala? Or are you the content of your youth with the evil deeds that bring His wrath?

 If you still fill your youth time to have fun and forget to Allah subhanahu wata'ala, then what answer can you say in the presence of Allah subhanahu wata'ala the Lord of the Day of Judgment? Are not you afraid of Allah's threat of subhanahu wata'ala against people who commit sin and sin? Though Allah subhanahu wata'ala has threatened the perpetrators of evil in his word:

 مَنْ يَعْمَلْ سُوءًا يُجْزَ بِهِ وَلَا يَجِدْ لَهُ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ وَلِيًّا وَلَا نَصِيرًا 

"He that does evil shall be recompensed with evil, and he shall have no guardian, nor a helper for him apart from God." (An Nisa ': 123)

 It is not the old age that Allah will ask Subhanahu wata'ala. Therefore, use this opportunity in your youth for good.

Always remember that every deed you do will be accountable in the presence of Allah subhanahu wata'ala.

Stay Away from Vices

What caused Adam and Hawwa to be expelled from Al Jannah (heaven)? No other is their disobedience both to Allah subhanahu wata'ala. They violate Allah's ban Subhanahu Wata'ala because of approaching a tree in Al Jannah, they are persuaded by the seduction of the devil that invites them to maksiat Allah Subhanahu Wata'ala.

 O youths, always demons, demons, and their armies seek to invite mankind all together so that they may intercede to Allah subhanahu wata'ala, they invite all mankind to be his friend in hell. As Allah's subhanahu wata'ala describes in His word (which means):


إِنَّ الشَّيْطَانَ لَكُمْ عَدُوٌّ فَاتَّخِذُوهُ عَدُوًّا إِنَّمَا يَدْعُو حِزْبَهُ لِيَكُونُوا مِنْ أَصْحَابِ السَّعِيرِ



"Surely, the devil is an enemy to you, so make him an enemy (mu), for verily the demons invite his faction to be a burning inhabitant of hell." (Fathir: 6)

Every deed of ugliness and immorality that you do, though small will be recorded and reckoned with Allah subhanahu wata'ala. Surely you will see the bad consequences of what you have done. Allah subhanahu wata'ala said (which means):

وَمَنْ يَعْمَلْ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ شَرًّا يَرَهُ


"And whosoever does any evil shall surely see (in return)." (Az Zalzalah: 8)

Satan also wishes with this immorality, mankind becomes divided and hostile. Do not think that when you and your friends make disobedience to Allah subhanahu wata'ala, it is a form of solidarity and cohesion among you. Not once, sooner or later, the friend you love becomes the enemy you most hate. Allah subhanahu wata'ala said:


 إِنَّمَا يُرِيدُ الشَّيْطَانُ أَنْ يُوقِعَ بَيْنَكُمُ الْعَدَاوَةَ وَالْبَغْضَاءَ فِي الْخَمْرِ وَالْمَيْسِرِ وَيَصُدَّكُمْ عَنْ ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ وَعَنِ الصَّلَاةِ فَهَلْ أَنْتُمْ مُنْتَهُونَ


"Verily, the devil intends to incite enmity and hatred among you for drinking the karma and gambling, and preventing you from remembrance of Allah and prayer, then stop you (from doing that)." (Al Maidah: 91)

Thus Satan makes immoral acts committed by man as a means to divide and cause hostility among them.


Right Worship Built on Science


O youths, after you know that the main task you live in this world is to worship Allah subhanahu wata'ala alone, then now know that Allah subhanahu wata'ala only accept the practice worship is done right. That is why it is obligatory for you to study and study the religion, to know Allah Subhanahu wata'ala, to know His Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam, and to know this Islam, to know which is lawful and what is haram, which is haq (true) and which is false (wrong), as well as which is sunnah and which is bid'ah.

With the knowledge of religion, you will be guided in worshiping Allah subhanahu wata'ala, so that the worship you do really accepted by Allah subhanahu wata'ala. How many people do good deeds but their deeds are not accepted by Allah subhanahu wata'ala, because their deeds are not built on true religious knowledge.

Therefore, Muslim youth, on this occasion, we also advise you to learn a lot of religious knowledge, sit in the assemblies of science, listen to the Qur'an and hadith and advice and explanations of the scholars. Do not busy yourself with things that are less useful for yourself, especially things that bring wrath of God subhanahu wata'ala.

 Knowing that studying religion is an obligation for every Muslim, then whoever leaves it will get a sin, and every sin will certainly cause an accident for the perpetrator.

طَلَبُ الْعِلْمِ فَرِيْضَةٌ عَلَى كُلِّ مُسْلِمٍ.


"Demanding the science of religion is an obligation for every Muslim." (Narrated by Ibn Majah no.224)


The final word
 


Hopefully this little advice can provide many benefits to us all. Indeed this advice is a very important matter in this religion, even giving each other advice is one of the traits of those who are kept from harm, as Allah subhanahu wata'ala said in the letter Al 'Ashr:

وَالْعَصْرِ (1) إِنَّ الْإِنْسَانَ لَفِي خُسْرٍ (2) إِلَّا الَّذِينَ آَمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ وَتَوَاصَوْا بِالْحَقِّ وَتَوَاصَوْا بِالصَّبْرِ


"For the sake of time. Indeed, man is truly in loss, except those who believe and do righteous deeds and counsel- advises in truth and counsel- advises to endure patience. "(Al 'Ashr: 1-3)

Wallahu ta'ala a'lam bishshowab.
Fikrul

5 Purpose of Islamic Sharia Philosophy


5 Purpose of Islamic Sharia Philosophy

Sharia philosophy (Maqasid Shariah) is the main goal of Islamic sharia maker that is God in making the rules that exist in Al Quran and hadith. Etymologically, maqasid (Arabic, مقاصد) is the plural of maqsad (مقصد) derived from ficil (verb) qasada - yaqsidu - qasdan (قصد يقصد قصدا). The word al-qasd has a number of meanings, among others, a straight and guided way.

In terminological meaning maqasid sharia is maqasid word shari'ah '(the objectives of sharia), maqasid sharia (islamic purpose), and Syar'iyah maqasid (objectives are syar'i) all of these terms have the meanings that can be summarized into two: the mean ( a) eliminate danger, eliminate it and disconnect it; (b) five sharia principles that preserve the religion (حفظ الدين), keeping individual (حفظ النفس), maintaining reasonable (حفظ العقل), maintain descent (حفظ النسل) and maintain the property (حفظ المال); (c) special reasons for the law of fiqh; (d) absolute maslahah either to benefit or to reject mafsadah (ugliness).

The scholars who pioneered this maqasid shari'ah concept include Imam Al-Juwaini in both his books Al-Burhan and Al-Waraqat and his disciple Imam Al-Ghazali in Al-Mustashfa fi Ilmi al-Ushul.

FIVE SHARIA PHILOSOPHIEST

Broadly speaking, there are five philosophies or maqasid shariah. Namely maintaining religion (حفظ الدين), keeping individual (حفظ النفس), maintaining reasonable (حفظ العقل), maintain descent (حفظ النسل) and maintain the property (حفظ المال).


MAINTENANCE RELIGION (حفظ الدين)

Religion or ad-Din is made up of faith, worship and law that is prescribed by God to organize and manage human relationships with their Lord and to manage relationships between people where by law God intends to establish and establish religion in the human soul by following sharia law and stay away from Sharia-prohibited behavior and blessings.


SELF MAKING (حفظ النفس)

Islam mensyariahkan followers to realize and preserve the humanity of the perfect way that is with the marriage and birth descendants. Just as sharia obliges humans to care for themselves by obtaining or obtaining something of their own needs such as food, drink, clothing and shelter. Islam also obliges humans to prevent something that endangers the soul therefore it is required qishas and diyat. And forbidden everything that will result in damage.


MAINTENANCE OF ACT (حفظ العقل)

Allah requires man to keep his mind therefore everything that is intoxicating the law is forbidden to be consumed and the culprit will be punished.


KEEPING DIFFERENCES (حفظ النسل)

Allah instructs men to marry for the purpose of obtaining offspring and obliges to keep themselves from the sanctions of adultery and qadzaf (accusing adultery).


KEEPING PROPERTY (حفظ المال)

Islam requires people to try to earn fortune and allow muamalah or sale and purchase transactions, barter and commerce. And it is unlawful to commit theft, treason, illegal eating of other people's property and sanction the perpetrators of the violation and not propagate the property.


SHARIA PHILOSOPHY IN THE BOOK OF AL-QURAN

The Qur'an describes the purpose of sharia with various forms, among others, as follows:

- Sometimes with text (nass) that a paragraph included on the philosophy of sharia by using the word "will of god" (wishes to), as in the word of Allah in Surah Al-Baqarah 2: 185 "Allah desires ease for you, and does not want hardship for you. And you shall be content and let your glory be exalted above Allah by His guidance given to you, that you may be grateful. "

Imam Tabari in the book of Jami'ul Bayan fi Ta'wilil Quran II / 162 states "Allah desires waivers for you, O believers because Allah knows the difficulty of it for you in this state."

In the form of sighat taklil (cause, because, lest). This format is common in the Qur'an, among others, with the word "kay" (كي), lam taklil and ba sababiyah. Example with kay like the word of God in QS Al-Hadid: 23 "(We explain so) so that you do not mourn for what you missed, and that you should not be too happy about what He gave you. loves everyone who is proud again prides himself, "

Example with ba 'sababiyah as in QS An Nisa 4: 160 "It is because of the injustice of the Jews, that we forbid the good (eatable) that is justified to them, and because they are much in the way of (men) from the way of Allah, "Qurtubi in Tafsir Al-Qurtubi VI / 10 states on this verse:" Injustice takes precedence over prohibition due to injustice is the goal intended to be preached as cause "

Example lam taklil as in the word of Allah QS An Nisa 4: 105 "We have sent down the Book unto you by bringing righteousness, that ye judge between man and that which Allah hath revealed unto you, and do not be a contra (innocent), for (defending) the treacherous, "then, because the decline of the Qur'an is so that sharia is made as law between mankind.

- Another form of formation such as God's own self-authenticity with the attribution of "wisdom" (wisdom) and "spirit" (compassion). Or, when God explains the faidah for what is commanded and the result of the forbidden matter.


SHARIA PHILOSOPHY IN HADITS PROPHET

The science of sharia will not exist in the first period of Islam as the theoretical sciences. At that time, Muslims only practice it in practice. Therefore, it was the Prophet who laid the first foundation for Islamic sharia philosophy through the Prophetic manners and sayings contained in the hadith books which are among others as follows:

- Hadith sahih Bukhari history in the book of Sahih Bukhari no. 2591 from Sa'd bin Abi Waqqash when he asked the Prophet. "O Messenger of Allah, I have abundant wealth but there is no heir except my only daughter Can I make all my property?" The Prophet replied: No, Sa'd asked: If two-thirds of the Prophet replied: No, Sa'd asked: half the treasures The Prophet replied: No, if one third, the Prophet replied: 2/3 and 2/3 are many, leaving your martial artist rich is better than leaving the poor who need help from others.

- The authentic Hadith of Bukhari's history in Sahih's book no. 1077 from Aisha that the Messenger of Allah said to the Companions about the Tarawih prayer: "... nothing prevents me from coming out with you only I fear to be obliged to you". According to Ibn Hajar in Fathul Bari III / 13 that the Prophet is worried that it is obligatory and they are not able to practice then they will sin when they leave it.
Fikrul

Love Your Child forever


Love Your Child forever

In time the children will leave, leaving us, lonely ... 
They are scattered on the earth to carry out their life's duties; scattered, far apart. Some of them may choose to work and live near us to be gracious to us. They give up some of the opportunities to reach the world because they want to achieve the glory of the afterlife by accompanying and serving us. But in time, we too will leave them. I do not know when. Go and never come back to this world.

Part of death is real separation; separated and never again gathered in a loving affection. Parents and children only meet before the Court of God Ta'ala, mutually become enemies of each other, dropping each other. Children who fall into hell will not accept themselves dumped, demanding the responsibility of parents who have neglected their duty to teach religion.

Is that including us? What a great loss in the day if children and parents demand each other before the Court of God

This is the day when we can not hire lawyers, and lawyers can not defend themselves. Then what have we prepared to deliver the children home to the next home?And this world is the field.

Part of the death was a momentary separation; very long time we feel in the world, but very short for the dead. They parted ways to be reassembled by Allah Jalla wa 'Ala. Their charity levels may not be comparable. But Allah Ta'ala mutually pleads between them to his higher charity.

Allah Ta'ala says:

"والذين آمنوا واتبعتهم ذريتهم بإيمان ألحقنا بهم ذريتهم وما ألتناهم من عملهم من شيء كل امرئ بما كسب رهين" 
"And those who believe and whose descendants follow them in the faith, We connect their offspring with them, and We have not lessened any of their reward. Every man is bound by what he does. "(Surah Ath-Thuur, 52: 21).

Quietly asked, are we one of these? Mutually proposed to a higher charity. Including us?
Do we really love our children? We rub our children when they are sick. We weep them when hurt. But do we also fear their destiny in the afterlife? We are busy preparing for their future. If necessary we are tired. But do we apply the same for their real "future" in the afterlife?

Take a look at your son. Look at his face. Are you willing to let his face ignite the fire until it blisteres his skin? 

Remember for a moment when you're worried about seeing them quarrel with their siblings. Do you imagine he quarreled with you before the Court of Allah Ta'ala for failing to instill tawheed in him? There is a definite day when there is no option to return. Is there a time when we are proposed to each other in heaven or in a conflict?

So, love your son forever! Not just for his life in the world. Love them wholeheartedly for a time when there is nothing to help us except the help of Allah Almighty. Love them with the hope that not just together when the world, more than that can gather together in heaven. Love them while trying to get them to gain glory, not just for his career in a momentary world. More than that for his glory in a much longer period. An endless period. *
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Lebah madu adalah kunci utama Penyerbuk Tanaman di seluruh Dunia


Sebuah penelitian yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya yang mengintegrasikan data dari seluruh dunia telah menunjukkan bahwa lebah madu adalah spesies penyerbuk tunggal yang paling penting di dunia dalam ekosistem alami dan merupakan kontributor utama fungsi ekosistem alami. Analisis kuantitatif pertama dari jenisnya, yang dipimpin oleh ahli biologi di University of California San Diego, diterbitkan pada 10 Januari di Prosiding Royal Society B.

Lebah madu adalah kunci utama Penyerbuk Tanaman di seluruh DuniaLaporan tersebut mengumpulkan informasi dari 80 jaringan interaksi penyerbuk tanaman. Hasilnya jelas mengidentifikasi lebah madu (Apis mellifera) sebagai pengunjung paling sering ke bunga tanaman alami (non-tanaman) di seluruh dunia. Lebah madu tercatat di 89 persen jaringan penyerbukan di kisaran asli lebah madu dan di 61 persen di daerah di mana lebah madu telah diperkenalkan oleh manusia.

Satu dari delapan interaksi antara tanaman non-pertanian dan penyerbuk dilakukan oleh lebah madu, studi tersebut mengungkapkan. Kepentingan global lebah madu semakin digarisbawahi saat mempertimbangkan bahwa itu hanyalah satu dari puluhan ribu spesies penyerbuk di dunia, termasuk tawon, lalat, kumbang, kupu-kupu, ngengat dan spesies lebah lainnya.

"Ahli biologi telah mengetahui sebentar bahwa lebah madu tersebar luas dan melimpah - namun dengan penelitian ini, sekarang kita melihat secara kuantitatif bahwa mereka saat ini adalah penyerbuk paling sukses di dunia," kata Keng Lou James Hung, yang memimpin belajar sebagai mahasiswa pascasarjana di UC San Diego Divisi Ilmu Biologi. Dia sekarang menjadi peneliti postdoctoral di Ohio State University.

Lebah madu berasal dari Afrika, Timur Tengah dan Eropa Selatan dan telah menjadi naturalisasi di ekosistem di seluruh dunia sebagai akibat transportasi yang disengaja oleh manusia. Sementara populasi lebah madu liar mungkin sehat di banyak bagian dunia, para peneliti mencatat bahwa kesehatan koloni lebah madu yang dikelola terancam oleh sejumlah faktor termasuk hilangnya habitat, pestisida, patogen, parasit dan perubahan iklim.

"Meskipun mereka tampaknya memiliki dampak yang tidak proporsional terhadap ekosistem alami, secara mengejutkan kita hanya sedikit mengerti tentang efek ekologi lebah madu pada sistem non-pertanian," kata rekan penulis studi David Holway, seorang profesor dan ketua Seksi Ekologi, Perilaku dan Evolusi dalam Ilmu Biologi. "Melihat ke depan studi ini menimbulkan banyak pertanyaan baru."

Misalnya, di San Diego, di mana lebah madu tidak asli, mereka bertanggung jawab atas 75 persen kunjungan penyerbuk ke tanaman asli, dominasi lebah madu tertinggi di rangkaian jaringan yang diperiksa untuk situs kontinental manapun dalam kisaran lebah madu yang diperkenalkan. . Ini terlepas dari kenyataan bahwa ada lebih dari 650 spesies lebah asli di San Diego County serta banyak serangga penyerbuk asli lainnya.

"Konsekuensi dari fenomena ini bagi tanaman asli yang tidak berevolusi dengan lebah madu dan populasi penyerbuk serangga asli layak dipelajari," kata Joshua Kohn, penulis senior studi tersebut.

"Studi kami juga dengan baik mengkonfirmasikan sesuatu yang telah diketahui oleh ahli biologi penyerbukan: bahkan dengan adanya spesies yang sangat melimpah yang menyirami banyak spesies tumbuhan, kami masih membutuhkan populasi penyerbuk lain yang sehat untuk seluruh komunitas tanaman untuk mendapatkan layanan penyerbukan yang memadai, "kata Hung.

Alasan untuk ini, Hung mencatat, bahwa di habitat di mana lebah madu hadir, namun mereka gagal untuk mengunjungi hampir setengah dari semua spesies tanaman penyerbuk hewan, rata-rata.

"Pesan yang kami bawa pulang adalah bahwa sementara penting bagi kita untuk terus meneliti bagaimana kita dapat memperbaiki kesehatan koloni lebah madu yang dikelola untuk kesuksesan pertanian, kita perlu memahami lebih jauh bagaimana spesies kosmopolitan dan spesies yang sangat sukses ini mempengaruhi ekologi dan dinamika evolusioner dari spesies tanaman dan penyerbuk di ekosistem alami, "kata Hung.

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Perempuan bertahan dalam krisis lebih baik daripada laki-laki


Perempuan bertahan dalam krisis lebih baik daripada laki-laki

Wanita saat ini cenderung hidup lebih lama dari laki-laki hampir di mana-mana di seluruh dunia - di beberapa negara lebih dari satu dekade.

Sekarang, tiga abad catatan sejarah menunjukkan bahwa wanita tidak hanya hidup lebih lama dari pria di masa normal: Mereka cenderung bertahan bahkan dalam keadaan terburuk sekalipun, seperti kelaparan dan epidemi, lapor para peneliti.

Sebagian besar kesenjangan jender harapan hidup disebabkan oleh keuntungan bertahan hidup perempuan pada masa bayi dan bukan masa dewasa, para peneliti menemukan. Pada masa kesengsaraan, anak perempuan yang baru lahir lebih cenderung bertahan.

Fakta bahwa wanita memiliki kelebihan pada masa kanak-kanak, ketika perbedaan perilaku antara jenis kelamin minimal, mendukung gagasan bahwa penjelasan setidaknya sebagian bersifat biologis, kata periset.

Dipimpin oleh Virginia Zarulli, asisten profesor di University of Southern Denmark, dan James Vaupel, seorang profesor penelitian di Duke University, tim tersebut menganalisis data kematian yang berusia sekitar 250 tahun untuk orang-orang yang hidupnya diakibatkan oleh kelaparan, penyakit atau kemalangan lainnya. .

Data tersebut membentang tujuh populasi di mana harapan hidup untuk satu atau kedua jenis kelamin berusia 20 tahun atau kurang. Di antara mereka bekerja dan mantan budak di Trinidad dan Amerika Serikat pada awal 1800an, korban kelaparan di Swedia, Irlandia dan Ukraina pada abad ke-18, 19 dan 20, dan orang-orang Islandia terkena dampak epidemi campak 1846 dan 1882.

Di Liberia, misalnya, budak Amerika yang dibebaskan yang pindah ke negara Afrika Barat pada 1800-an mengalami tingkat kematian tertinggi yang pernah tercatat. Lebih dari 40 persen meninggal selama tahun pertama mereka, yang diduga tersapu oleh penyakit tropis yang tidak mereka andalkan. Bayi yang lahir pada saat itu jarang berhasil melewati ulang tahun kedua mereka.

Sekelompok orang lain yang tinggal di Irlandia pada tahun 1840-an terkenal kelaparan ketika hawar kentang menyebabkan kegagalan panen secara luas. Harapan hidup menurun drastis lebih dari 15 tahun.

Secara keseluruhan para peneliti menemukan bahwa, bahkan ketika angka kematian sangat tinggi untuk kedua jenis kelamin, wanita masih hidup lebih lama dari pria dengan enam bulan rata-rata hampir empat tahun.

Anak perempuan yang lahir karena kelaparan yang melanda Ukraina pada tahun 1933, misalnya, hidup sampai pukul 10.85, dan anak laki-laki mencapai 7,3 - perbedaan 50 persen.

Ketika para peneliti memecahkan hasil berdasarkan kelompok usia, mereka menemukan bahwa sebagian besar keuntungan bertahan hidup perempuan berasal dari perbedaan angka kematian bayi. Gadis yang baru lahir lebih keras daripada anak laki-laki yang baru lahir.

Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa kesenjangan jender harapan hidup tidak dapat sepenuhnya dijelaskan oleh perbedaan perilaku dan sosial antara jenis kelamin, seperti pengambilan risiko atau kekerasan.

Sebaliknya, keuntungan wanita pada saat krisis mungkin sebagian besar disebabkan oleh faktor biologis seperti genetika atau hormon. Estrogen, misalnya, telah ditunjukkan untuk meningkatkan pertahanan kekebalan tubuh terhadap penyakit menular.

"Hasil kami menambahkan sepotong lagi pada teka-teki perbedaan gender dalam bertahan hidup," kata periset tersebut.

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Anestesi umum dapat mengganggu mekanisme presinaptik pada Otak


Anestesi umum dapat mengganggu mekanisme presinaptik pada Otak

Pemahaman baru tentang cara kompleks di mana anestesi umum bekerja pada otak pada akhirnya dapat menyebabkan peningkatan obat untuk operasi. Masih belum jelas bagaimana anestesi umum bekerja, meskipun ini adalah salah satu prosedur medis yang paling umum di seluruh dunia.

Peneliti University of Queensland, Associate Professor Bruno van Swinderen, mengatakan timnya telah membatalkan pemahaman sebelumnya tentang apa yang dilakukan anestesi umum ke otak, menemukan obat tersebut lebih dari menginduksi tidur.

"Kami melihat efek propofol - salah satu obat anestesi umum yang paling umum digunakan selama operasi - pada pelepasan sinaptik," ilmuwan UQ Queensland Brain Institute mengatakan.

Pelepasan sinaptik adalah mekanisme dimana neuron - atau sel saraf - berkomunikasi satu sama lain.

"Kami tahu dari penelitian sebelumnya bahwa anestesi umum termasuk propofol bekerja pada sistem tidur di otak, seperti pil tidur," Profesor Associate van Swinderen mengatakan.

"Tapi penelitian kami menemukan bahwa propofol juga mengganggu mekanisme presinaptik, yang mungkin mempengaruhi komunikasi antar neuron di seluruh otak secara sistematis yang berbeda dengan hanya tidur. Dengan cara ini sangat berbeda dari pil tidur."

Mahasiswa PhD Adekunle Bademosi mengatakan bahwa penemuan tersebut menyoroti bagaimana anestesi umum bekerja di otak.

"Kami menemukan bahwa propofol membatasi pergerakan protein kunci (syntaxin1A) yang dibutuhkan pada sinapsis semua neuron. Pembatasan ini menyebabkan penurunan komunikasi antar neuron di otak," katanya.

Associate Professor van Swinderen mengatakan temuan tersebut berkontribusi untuk memahami bagaimana anestesi umum bekerja, dan bisa menjelaskan mengapa orang mengalami grogginess dan disorientasi setelah keluar dari operasi.

"Kami berpikir bahwa gangguan yang meluas terhadap konektivitas sinaptik - jalur komunikasi otak - adalah tindakan yang memungkinkan pembedahan, walaupun anestetik yang efektif seperti propofol membuat Anda tertidur lebih dulu," katanya.
"Penemuan ini berimplikasi pada orang-orang yang konektivitas otaknya rentan, misalnya pada anak-anak yang otaknya masih berkembang atau untuk penderita penyakit Alzheimer atau Parkinson."
"Tidak pernah dipahami mengapa anestesi umum kadang-kadang bermasalah bagi yang masih sangat muda dan yang tua. Mekanisme yang baru ditemukan ini mungkin menjadi alasan."
Profesor Associate van Swinderen mengatakan bahwa lebih banyak penelitian diperlukan untuk menentukan apakah anestesi umum memiliki efek jangka panjang pada kelompok orang yang rentan ini.
"Mempelajari efek ini dalam sistem model seperti tikus dan lalat memungkinkan kita untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini dengan memanipulasi mekanisme yang mungkin terjadi, yang tidak dapat kita lakukan pada manusia."
Penelitian ini melibatkan laboratorium Profesor Frederic Meunier di QBI, di mana teknik mikroskopi resolusi super memungkinkan para peneliti untuk memahami bagaimana anestesi bekerja pada sel tunggal. Dr Victor Anggono, yang laboratoriumnya di QBI fokus pada mekanisme sinaptik, adalah mitra dalam penelitian ini.

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Tanaman Memiliki Pertahanan Diri Pada Infeksi Bakteri


Bila Anda melihat bintik-bintik coklat pada daun hijau sehat, Anda mungkin menyaksikan respons kekebalan tanaman saat mencoba mencegah infeksi bakteri. Beberapa tanaman lebih tahan terhadap infeksi semacam itu daripada yang lain, dan ahli biologi tanaman ingin mengerti mengapa. Ilmuwan Salk Institute yang mempelajari protein tumbuhan yang disebut SOBER1 baru-baru ini menemukan satu mekanisme yang dengannya, berlawanan secara intuitif, tanaman tampaknya membuat dirinya kurang tahan terhadap infeksi.

Tanaman Memiliki Pertahanan Diri Pada Infeksi BakteriPekerjaan yang muncul di Nature Communications pada tanggal 19 Desember 2017, menyoroti ketahanan tanaman pada umumnya dan dapat menyebabkan strategi untuk meningkatkan kekebalan alami tanaman atau untuk lebih baik mengandung infeksi yang mengancam untuk menghancurkan seluruh hasil pertanian.

"Ada banyak kerugian akibat panen karena bakteri yang membunuh tanaman," kata penulis senior paper tersebut, Joanne Chory, seorang Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, direktur Laboratorium Biologi Molekuler dan Laboratorium Biologi Salk dan penerima Terobosan 2018 di Biologi. "Dengan pekerjaan ini, kami mulai memahami mekanisme dasar bagaimana resistensi bekerja, dan untuk melihat bagaimana keadaan umum."

Salah satu cara tanaman melawan infeksi bakteri adalah dengan membunuh sel mereka sendiri dimana protein bakteri terdeteksi. Tetapi beberapa bakteri telah mengembangkan strategi melawan - menyuntikkan protein khusus yang menekan respons imun tanaman dengan menambahkan label kimia kecil yang menonaktifkan yang disebut kelompok asetil ke molekul kekebalan tubuh. Proses ini disebut asetilasi. Apa yang membuat tanaman tertentu mampu melawan tindakan counter bakteri ini sementara yang lain menyerah pada infeksi masih belum jelas.

Sebagai alat untuk lebih memahami interaksi patogen-tanaman tersebut, tim Chory beralih ke Arabidopsis thaliana yang telah dipelajari dengan baik, dan, khususnya, enzim yang disebut SOBER1 - yang sebelumnya telah dilaporkan dapat menekan respon imun gulma terhadap protein bakteri yang diketahui. sebagai AvrBsT. Meskipun kelihatannya berlawanan dengan penggunaan penekanan kekebalan untuk mempelajari resistensi terhadap infeksi, para ahli biologi Salk berpikir bahwa hal itu dapat menghasilkan informasi yang berguna.

Para peneliti memulai dengan menentukan urutan asam amino SOBER1 - urutan tertentu dari blok bangunan yang memberi protein identitas dasarnya. Menariknya, mereka merasa sangat mirip dengan enzim manusia terkait kanker. Enzim ini mengandung terowongan karakteristik dimana protein dengan beberapa jenis modifikasi dapat sesuai dan dipotong sebagai bagian dari reaksi enzimatik. Ternyata SOBER1 dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai bagian dari protein superfamili yang luas yang dikenal sebagai alpha / beta hydrolases. Enzim ini memiliki struktur inti yang sama namun sangat fleksibel dalam reaksi kimia yang mereka kombinasikan, yang berkisar dari pemecahan lemak hingga detoksifikasi zat kimia yang disebut peroksida.

Selanjutnya, mereka menggunakan teknik lebih dari 100 tahun yang disebut kristalografi sinar-X untuk menentukan struktur tiga dimensi SOBER1. Sementara mirip dengan enzim manusia, terowongan enzim tanaman memiliki dua asam amino ekstra yang menonjol dari atas: satu di pintu masuk dan satu di tengahnya.

"Ketika kami melihat mereka, kami menyadari bahwa mereka harus memiliki efek dramatis pada fungsi karena pada dasarnya mereka memblokir terowongan," kata rekan riset Salk dan penulis pertama Marco Bürger.

Untuk mengetahui tujuannya, Bürger dan penulis pertama Björn Willige, juga rekan peneliti, menggunakan substrat (molekul yang diaktivasi enzim) dengan panjang yang berbeda dan diuji secara biokimia seberapa baik mereka sesuai dengan enzim dan apakah dapat dipotong. . Hanya jenis tertentu yang sesuai dan dipotong - kelompok asetil sangat pendek. Ini menunjukkan bahwa SOBER1 adalah deasetilase - suatu kelas enzim yang menghilangkan gugus asetil. Selanjutnya, tim bermutasi SOBER1 dan dengan demikian membuka terowongan yang tersumbat. Dengan perubahan ini, Bürger dan Willige merancang sebuah enzim yang kehilangan spesifisitasnya yang kuat untuk kelompok asetil pendek dan sebaliknya memilih substrat lebih lama.

"Untuk percobaan biokimia awal, kami menggunakan substrat buatan dan buatan," kata Willige. "Tapi selanjutnya kami ingin melihat apa yang akan terjadi pada tanaman."

Untuk ini, mereka menggunakan tanaman tembakau - yang memiliki daun besar yang mudah untuk digunakan - dan bakteri yang membuat AvrBsT, yang diketahui memicu asetilasi. Mereka menghasilkan avrBsT di berbagai daerah daun tembakau bersama dengan SOBER1 dan beberapa versi enzim yang bermutasi (dan dengan demikian tidak berfungsi).

Daun yang memproduksi AvrBsT memiliki jaringan jaringan mati yang coklat, menunjukkan bahwa AvrBsT telah memulai program kematian sel untuk mengurangi penyebaran patogen sistemik. Daun yang menghasilkan AvrBsT bersamaan dengan SOBER1 terlihat sehat, menunjukkan bahwa SOBER1 membalikkan tindakan AvrBsT. Secara mencolok, versi SOBER1 bermutasi dengan terowongan terbuka tidak mampu mencegah jaringan mati. Dari sini, para peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa deacetylation harus menjadi reaksi kimia yang mendasari yang menyebabkan penekanan respon imun tanaman.

Tes tembakau mendukung gagasan SOBER1 sebagai deasetilase yang akan menghilangkan gugus asetil yang ditambahkan oleh protein bakteri. Tanpa kelompok asetil yang memberi tag protein, tanaman tersebut tidak mengenalinya sebagai asing dan karenanya tidak meningkatkan kekebalan kekebalan yang membunuh sel. Daunnya tampak lebih sehat karena sel tidak sekarat.

"Fungsi SOBER1 mengejutkan karena membuat jaringan terinfeksi tetap hidup, yang membuat tanaman berisiko," kata Chory, yang juga memegangi Howard H. dan Maryam R. Newman Chair in Plant Biology at Salk. "Tapi kita baru mulai memahami jenis mekanisme ini, dan mungkin saja ada kondisi di mana tindakan SOBER1 bermanfaat."

Tes lebih lanjut menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas dan fungsi SOBER1 tidak terbatas pada Arabidopsis rumput laut thaliana, tetapi juga ada di tanaman yang disebut pemuliaan minyak lobak yang menunjukkan bahwa temuan laboratorium Chory dapat diterapkan pada tanaman pertanian dan sumber daya biofuel.

Bürger dan Willige selanjutnya ingin memulai skrining untuk penghambat kimia yang bisa memblokir SOBER1, sehingga memungkinkan tanaman memiliki respon kekebalan penuh terhadap bakteri patogen.

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Relieve mistake With taubah and Istighfar


What is Sin and how to eliminate it. The Christian with his redemptive teachings believes that the sin of man has been redeemed by the blood of Jesus on the cross. Man is too dirty and can not eliminate it with his own strength, only Jesus can redeem all mistakes. But Islam does not teach the concept of penance but Islam teaches sin can be eliminated by repentance. God created man not only to remember all his physical abilities but also be equipped with spiritual power, including when he sinned man has actually been given the ability to rise, repent and redeem it better.

Relieve mistake With taubah and Istighfar

The nature of sin is not that God created sin and then after thousands of years only thought of Him for the forgiveness of sins, no; But since a fly has two wings, on one wing there is an antidote and beside it there is poison, so also in man there are two 'wings' one wing of immorality and other regret wings.

Penance is a testament to feelings of regret. It is a general rule that if someone attacks others then he will regret and feel guilty, as if his two wings are flapping together, that is, when the poison in action has an antidote. Now the question is why sin was made, why humans were not created just to be holy all flawless like the minds of Christians. The answer is though it is poisonous but because there is an infringing nature in it, it has the function of being a bidder. Toxins are also then through the process it will serve as a medicine. From the poison like that many mixed into drugs. From mistakes one can learn to be a stronger and more vigilant person.

If there is no sin there will be another poison, a poison of pride that will destroy mankind. So repentance will serve to eliminate it. Penance will save people from the dangers of arrogance and show off.


Repent By Raising Istighfar

As believers we must reproduce istighfar and repentance to God. If one wing has flapped, then we have been warned to return to God for mercy, and then correct his mistake by not repeating it and replacing it with a new kindness. If Your Majesty, the Prophet (s) is still at least 70 times a day, then we must do more. Repentance does not mean it only applies to the person who at that time commits a sin, but repentance also applies to every condition as a barrier to potential sin that may occur later. He will be the protector, that we who recognize sin as sin then he will be more careful to stay away from sin.

If we sincerely weep for God's forgiveness, then God with his forgiveness nature will forgive us. Someone who continues to istighfar then his heart will see the sin as a disgust and he does not want to approach it.

Naturally Muslims have been implanted with contempt for pork, while thousands of other dirty deeds are still committed. So the wisdom is that God has given an example of disgust and disgust about the pork, and that taste must be planted for every sin. And it can be done by repentance and reproduction of istighfar.

If in man has been embedded in hatred of sin and then swung his steps to repair himself, then over time all evil will stay away.

Rest assured that in repentance there are many fruits. This is a source of blessing. Essentially the saints and the pious are the ones who repent and then they continue to istiqomah in repentance.

Therefore we must increase our repentance so that our charity brings ridho from our Owners. Remember that the punishment for our guilt of faith will be decided in the afterlife, the decision to become Hindu or Christian or to be Muslim. But those who persecute sinners and transgressions will also be punished in this world.

The following words of the Prophet may make us servants who repent and mend themselves.

"God prefers a repentant than a man who thirst finds water, barren then has that child, and the lost man then finds his way, and whoever repents to God with good repentance, then God forgets the two angels who oversee the charity (Rakib and Atid), all his limbs, and the place on the ground (the grave) against the mistakes of the repentant and his sin. "(Narrated by Ibn Abbas)

May Allah accept it